Why Treat Wastewater?

Pollution Control:- Conversion of Units

Typical Wastewater Treatment Flow Chart

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS :- INDIA

Notification G.S.R - 826(E) dated
16^th November, 2009

Ref: - The Environment (Protection) Seventh Amendment Rule 2009

SCHEDULE VII: - NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS :-INDIA

[See Rule 3(3B) of EP Rule 1986]

SCHEDULE VII of Environment Protection Rule 1986

SN	Pollutants	Time Weighted Average	Concentrations in Ambient Air
			Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Area		Ecologically Sensitive Area (Notified by Central Govt.)	Methods of Measurement
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)		(5)	(6)
1	Sulphur Di-oxide, SO₂,  (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	50 80		20 80	-Improved West & Gaeke. -Ultraviolet Fluorescence.
2	Nitrogen Di-oxide, NO₂,  (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	40 80		30 80	-Modified Jacob & Hoehhelser (Na-Arsenite). -Chemiluminescence.
3	Particulate Matter (Size less than 10µm) or  PM₁₀,  (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	60 100		60 100	-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta Attenuation
4	Particulate Matter (Size less than 2µm) or  PM₂.₅,  (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	40 60		40 60	-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta Attenuation
5	Ozone, Oᴣ, (µg/m³)	8hours** 1hour**	100 180		100 180	-UV Photometric - Chemiluminescence -Chemical Method
6	Lead, Pb, (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	0.5 1.0		0.5 1.0	-AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon Filter
7	Carbon Monoxide, CO, (µg/m³)	8hours** 1hour**	02 02		04 04	-Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Spectroscopy.
8	Ammonia, NHᴣ, (µg/m³)	Annual* 24hours**	100 400		100 400	- Chemiluminescence -Indophenol Blue Method
9	Benzene, C6H6, (µg/m³)	Annual*	05		05	-Gas Chromatography based continuous analyser. - Adsorption &Desorption followed by GC analysis.
10	Benzo Pyrene (BaP)- Particulate Phase only, (ng/m³)	Annual*	01		01	-Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis
11	Arsenic (As), (ng/m³)	Annual*	06		06	-AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper.
12	Nickel, (Ni), (ng/m³)	Annual*	20		20	-AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper.

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

Note- Whenever & Wherever monitoring results of two consecutive days of monitoring exceeds the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring & further investigation.

Regulatory requirements on the utilisation of Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants in India

In order to reduce the land requirement for disposal and the environmental impacts of Fly Ash generating from TPPs in India, the Government of India have taken several steps. One of the measures is utilisation of Fly ash in a phased manner.

The target of achieving 100% Fly ash utilisation in a progressive manner is specified by MoEF notification dated
3/11/2009 for all Coal/Lignite based TPPs.

Successive Years   Prescribed Targets
                                        of FA utilisation for
                                         TPPs in operation                                                      before 3/11/2009                                                                                       
1st year                             50%
2nd year                           60%
3rd year                            75%
4th year                             90%
5th year                            100%

(Such TPPs will have to achieve 100% target in successive 5yrs from the date of this notification, 3.11.2009)


Successive Years         Prescribed Targets
                                          of FA utilisation for
                                          TPPs in operation                                                      after 3/11/2009
                                                                      
1st year                              50%
2nd year                            70%
3rd year                             90%
4th year                             100%

(Such TPPs will have to achieve 100% target in successive 4yrs from the date of commissioning)

MoEF has come up with new notification No. S.O. 254(E) dated 27.01.2017, for promoting the utilisation of Fly Ash. The notified points are given below
1. Fly ash based products shall be used by all construction agencies in every construction projects, within the radius of 300Kms from Coal/Lignite based TPPs. 
2. Cost of transportation of Fly Ash to interested parties, within the radius of 100Km from TPPs, shall be borne by such TPPs. Whereas between 100-300Kms, the cost shall be shared equally between the User & TPPs.
3. Detailed information of Stocks of each type of Fly Ash available with the TPPs, be uploaded on their website, within 3 months from the date of notification 27.01.2016. This information about the stock shall be updated thereafter atleast once in a month.

Requirement or Criteria on the use of Beneficiated/Blended Coal in Thermal Power Plants in India

In order to minimise Fly Ash generation, MoEF, GOI notified on 2/1/2014 (vide Gazette Notification GSR 02(E) on the use of Beneficiated coal containing Ash not more than 34% on quarterly average basis in the following TPPs depending on their Location.

1)   A stand-alone TPPs of any capacity
                                    or
 Captive PPs of installed capacity of  100MW or above

Located beyond 1000 Km from Pit-head  area
                                     or
Located in an Urban area
                                    or
Located in an ecologicaly sensitive area 
                                    or 
Located in a critically polluted Industrial area, irrespective of its distance from Pit-head area 

except Pit-head TPPs with an immediate effect.

2)  A stand-alone TPPs of any capacity
                                    or
 Captive PPs of installed capacity of  100MW or above

Located between 750-1000 Km from Pit-head 

 with effect from 1/1/2015.

3) A stand-alone TPPs of any capacity
                                    or
 Captive PPs of installed capacity of          100MW or above

Located between 500-749 Km from Pit-head

with effect from 5/6/2016.


The following Technologies or the Green /Clean technologies or any other technology approved by MoEF, used in TPPs, are exempted from use of Beneficiated Coal irrespective of their locations.

The technologies are
Power plants using
1. Circulating Fluidised based combustion or 2. Atmosphere Fluidised based combustion or
3. Pressurised Fluidised bed combustion or
4. Integrated Gasification combined cycle technologies.
5. Supercritical Power Plant

Stack Height Requirement for Thermal Power Plants in India

Stack Height (Limit) criteria for Coal based Thermal Power Plants have been developed in India, based on proper dispersion of SO2 emissions from TPPs in Ambient Air.

For TPPs having Boiler Capacity more than 500 MW and above, space provision for installing FGD has been recommended.

TPPs having              Stack Height in Mtrs
Capacity (MW)

1. < 200/210                Height in Mtrs= 14Q<sup>0.3 
2. 200/210 to < 500       220 Mtrs
3. 500 MW & above       275 Mtrs</sup>

Q is SO2 Emission rate from stack in Kg/Hr





There are some requirements for TPPs sanctioned earlier to 1 June 1994 with regards to stack height.

Such TPPs may not be required to increase the existing height subject to the following conditions:-

1. The ambient SOx & Nox concentration     levels is less than 1/3 th of the prescribed air quality standards for SOx & NOx for the Concerned Area.

2. Such TPPs shall install adequate no.of Air quality monitoring stations in & around the Power plant area. These Monitoring station be selected in consultation with SPCB/CPCB.